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<h2>Female academics continue to be <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0170840613483658" target="_blank">underrepresented</a> in senior academic positions in <a href="https://www.dese.gov.au/higher-education-statistics/staff-data" target="_blank">Australia</a> and <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12151" target="_blank">internationally</a>. Most research has focused on the low number of women professors at universities. But the <a href="https://www.dese.gov.au/higher-education-statistics/staff-data" target="_blank">largest drop-off</a> in the number of female academics is between two mid-level positions: lecturer and senior lecturer.</h2>
<p>We set out to find why this occurs, using a <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124120926206" target="_blank">new method</a> to explore the career journeys of male and female academics. We found they continue to experience different careers: men commonly described a clear run at their career goals, while many women found themselves in a holding pattern as a result of having to juggle other responsibilities.</p>
<figure class="align-center "><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/429231/original/file-20211029-13-19gt6rc.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=754&;fit=clip" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/429231/original/file-20211029-13-19gt6rc.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=376&;fit=crop&;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/429231/original/file-20211029-13-19gt6rc.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=30&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=376&;fit=crop&;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/429231/original/file-20211029-13-19gt6rc.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=15&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=376&;fit=crop&;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/429231/original/file-20211029-13-19gt6rc.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=473&;fit=crop&;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/429231/original/file-20211029-13-19gt6rc.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=30&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=473&;fit=crop&;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/429231/original/file-20211029-13-19gt6rc.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=15&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=473&;fit=crop&;dpr=3 2262w" alt="Vertical bar chart showing numbers of men and women in academic positions in order of seniority in Australia in 2020" /><figcaption><span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.dese.gov.au/higher-education-statistics/staff-data" target="_blank">Chart: The Conversation. Data: Department of Education, Skills and Employment Higher Education Staff Data 2020</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY</a></span></figcaption></figure>
<hr />
<p><em> <strong> Read more: <a href="https://theconversation.com/no-change-at-the-top-for-university-leaders-as-men-outnumber-women-3-to-1-154556" target="_blank">No change at the top for university leaders as men outnumber women 3 to 1</a> </strong> </em></p>
<hr />
<p>Most female lecturers in our study were ambitious, but unable to fully commit to their careers. The main reasons for this included their avoidance of work-life conflict, undertaking service activities and a lack of support from colleagues.</p>
<p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124120926206" target="_blank">Our research</a> shows gender equity efforts need to target this holding pattern for women to make career progress.</p>
<p>COVID-19 is expected to further set back the careers of female academics. Rather than writing papers, they are likely to be <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abc2740" target="_blank">at home looking after children</a>. Journal editors have already noticed <a href="https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/04/21/early-journal-submission-data-suggest-covid-19-tanking-womens-research-productivity" target="_blank">fewer submissions from female academics</a>.</p>
<hr />
<p><em> <strong> Read more: <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-covid-is-widening-the-academic-gender-divide-146007" target="_blank">How COVID is widening the academic gender divide</a> </strong> </em></p>
<hr />
<h2>Exploring the holding pattern</h2>
<p>To explore the careers of female academics we created a new method called <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124120926206" target="_blank">Draw, Write, Reflect</a> (DWR). We asked 18 male and 29 female academics at one university to draw or write their career journeys, since <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1525822X0101300402" target="_blank">not all knowledge can be expressed in words</a>. Our participants confirmed drawing made it easier to express their experiences and relay emotions.</p>
<p>Next, we asked respondents to reflect on their drawing. We also interviewed nine senior stakeholders including executive leaders, HR managers and gender equity committee members.</p>
<p>Male academics had a clear career focus and many described their career journeys as “lucky” or “privileged” and with “tailwinds”.</p>
<p>One example of a drawing by a male academic is shown below. He drew a snakes and ladders game to represent his “lucky” career, with ladders well outnumbering snakes on his game board.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable"><a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/429234/original/file-20211029-18-sa4i7z.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=1000&;fit=clip" target="_blank"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/429234/original/file-20211029-18-sa4i7z.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=754&;fit=clip" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/429234/original/file-20211029-18-sa4i7z.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=733&;fit=crop&;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/429234/original/file-20211029-18-sa4i7z.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=30&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=733&;fit=crop&;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/429234/original/file-20211029-18-sa4i7z.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=15&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=733&;fit=crop&;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/429234/original/file-20211029-18-sa4i7z.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=921&;fit=crop&;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/429234/original/file-20211029-18-sa4i7z.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=30&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=921&;fit=crop&;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/429234/original/file-20211029-18-sa4i7z.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=15&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=921&;fit=crop&;dpr=3 2262w" alt="" /></a><figcaption><span class="caption">Tye DWR: ‘Snakes and Ladders’.</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="license">Author provided</span></span></figcaption></figure>
<p>Another male academic wrote “tailwinds” on his drawing as shown below.</p>
<figure class="align-center "><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/424942/original/file-20211006-19-7scuma.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=754&;fit=clip" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/424942/original/file-20211006-19-7scuma.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=799&;fit=crop&;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/424942/original/file-20211006-19-7scuma.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=30&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=799&;fit=crop&;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/424942/original/file-20211006-19-7scuma.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=15&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=799&;fit=crop&;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/424942/original/file-20211006-19-7scuma.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=1004&;fit=crop&;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/424942/original/file-20211006-19-7scuma.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=30&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=1004&;fit=crop&;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/424942/original/file-20211006-19-7scuma.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=15&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=1004&;fit=crop&;dpr=3 2262w" alt="" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Xavier DWR: ‘Tailwinds’.</span></figcaption></figure>
<h2>Juggling competing responsibilities</h2>
<p>Female academics were much more likely to include their families in their career drawings, highlighting the interrelatedness of work and family. Those with children were all primary carers. Their academic work had one set of requirements, their family another and both required their attention, often at the same time.</p>
<p>This situation resulted in a constant struggle and negotiation, as the drawing below shows.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable"><a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/429235/original/file-20211029-15-1875wrm.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=1000&;fit=clip" target="_blank"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/429235/original/file-20211029-15-1875wrm.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=754&;fit=clip" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/429235/original/file-20211029-15-1875wrm.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=318&;fit=crop&;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/429235/original/file-20211029-15-1875wrm.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=30&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=318&;fit=crop&;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/429235/original/file-20211029-15-1875wrm.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=15&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=318&;fit=crop&;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/429235/original/file-20211029-15-1875wrm.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=399&;fit=crop&;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/429235/original/file-20211029-15-1875wrm.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=30&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=399&;fit=crop&;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/429235/original/file-20211029-15-1875wrm.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=15&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=399&;fit=crop&;dpr=3 2262w" alt="" /></a><figcaption><span class="caption">Danielle DWR: Up the Hill.</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="license">Author provided</span></span></figcaption></figure>
<p>Connectedness was also clear in the drawing below created by another female academic.</p>
<figure class="align-center "><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/424300/original/file-20211002-25-4ro84d.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=754&;fit=clip" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/424300/original/file-20211002-25-4ro84d.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=331&;fit=crop&;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/424300/original/file-20211002-25-4ro84d.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=30&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=331&;fit=crop&;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/424300/original/file-20211002-25-4ro84d.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=15&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=331&;fit=crop&;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/424300/original/file-20211002-25-4ro84d.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=416&;fit=crop&;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/424300/original/file-20211002-25-4ro84d.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=30&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=416&;fit=crop&;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/424300/original/file-20211002-25-4ro84d.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=15&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=416&;fit=crop&;dpr=3 2262w" alt="" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Ruth DWR: Interrelatedness.</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>To maintain a level of balance – “to keep my head above water” as one put it – most female academics chose not to progress their careers. They could not see themselves successfully managing their domestic tasks in a senior lecturer role. One female lecturer said:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>“Half the time I feel like I am sinking, so for now I am happy just to keep doing the best I can in my job and then retire at the age of 65.”</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Seven of the eight female lecturers reported putting their career aspirations on hold.</p>
<hr />
<p><em> <strong> Read more: <a href="https://theconversation.com/forget-the-ideal-worker-myth-unis-need-to-become-more-inclusive-for-all-women-men-will-benefit-too-156107" target="_blank">Forget the ideal worker myth. Unis need to become more inclusive for all women (men will benefit too)</a> </strong> </em></p>
<hr />
<h2>Doing the ‘academic housework’</h2>
<p>Another reason for the holding pattern was female academics undertaking more service activities. Coined “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2019.1589682" target="_blank">academic housework</a>”, these activities are associated with caring and include assisting students, administration of teaching, or organising professional academic activities. Generally, these activities are <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2019.1589682" target="_blank">not considered for career progression</a>.</p>
<p>This situation was confirmed by a member of the executive leadership team who said some women:</p>
<blockquote>
[…] have literally taken on a lot of things that you can tell no one else wants to do – academic housework.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Similarly, a female academic reported male colleagues are:</p>
<blockquote>
[…] focusing on the things that matter for promotion, not on the things that matter for the team.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2>Lacking support from colleagues</h2>
<p>Some junior female academics did not support ambitious senior female colleagues. They referred to them as “alpha women”, “men dressed in women’s clothing” or “women acting like men”. This situation was confirmed by senior female academics who reported backlash from other women for being ambitious. One said:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>“I am ambitious and if this was a man sitting here there would be a different connotation of ‘Wow, you’ve done well!’, but for a woman it is like, ‘Well, how are your children? And your family and everything else?’ So, there is an issue.”</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Another female academic reported “thinking like a man” had helped her have a very successful career. She reported that this requires not thinking about family, putting yourself first and “being selfish”.</p>
<p>Fear of backlash may stop some women, however, from pursuing career progression.</p>
<hr />
<p><em> <strong> Read more: <a href="https://theconversation.com/time-to-gender-parity-has-blown-out-to-135-years-heres-what-women-can-do-to-close-the-gap-160253" target="_blank">Time to gender parity has blown out to 135 years. Here&#8217;s what women can do to close the gap</a> </strong> </em></p>
<hr />
<h2>What can universities do?</h2>
<p>Despite their career aspirations, organisational and personal reasons resulted in women not pursuing promotion to senior lecturer and beyond. Our study identified a clear holding pattern among female lecturers that inhibited their progression to the next level.</p>
<p>While male academics reported focused career trajectories, women reported difficulty managing many work and life responsibilities in pursuing their careers.</p>
<p>Universities can help female lecturers break the holding pattern cycle and assist their career progression. They can start by developing guidance in better negotiating academic housework and service tasks and by changing the narrative and culture around career ambition for women at universities. This will be a win-win for female academics and universities.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/168840/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p>
<p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/fleur-sharafizad-1138251" target="_blank">AUTHORS: Fleur Sharafizad</a>, Lecturer in Management, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/edith-cowan-university-720" target="_blank">Edith Cowan University</a></em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/kerry-brown-405511" target="_blank">Kerry Brown</a>, Professor of Employment and Industry, School of Business and Law, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/edith-cowan-university-720" target="_blank">Edith Cowan University</a></em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/maryam-omari-1278813" target="_blank">Maryam Omari</a>, Professor and Executive Dean, School of Business and Law, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/edith-cowan-university-720" target="_blank">Edith Cowan University</a></em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/uma-jogulu-1278812" target="_blank">Uma Jogulu</a>, Senior Lecturer, School of Business and Law, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/edith-cowan-university-720" target="_blank">Edith Cowan University</a></em></p>
<p>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/womens-academic-careers-are-in-a-holding-pattern-while-men-enjoy-a-tailwind-168840" target="_blank">original article</a>.</p>

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