The story of Snow White story embodies the kinds of gender biases children are exposed to. Tookapic/Pixabay
<h3>In Stockholm’s <a href="http://www.sodermalmsforskolor.se/nicolaigarden/extern/in-english.htm" target="_blank">Nicolaigarden pre-school</a>, the teachers do not read Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to the students.</h3>
<p>Rather, its library holds children’s books that show different types of heroes and a diversity of family models (including those with single parents, adoptive children, and same-sex parents).</p>
<p>Titles include One More Giraffe, about two giraffes caring for an abandoned crocodile egg, and Kivi and Monsterdog, whose protagonist, Kivi, is a child of unspecified gender. The idea is to present a more diverse and realistic image of the world kids live in and to avoid representations that reproduce gender stereotypes.</p>
<figure class="align-left "><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/150087/original/image-20161214-32195-ep2vug.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=237&;fit=clip" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/150087/original/image-20161214-32195-ep2vug.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=617&;fit=crop&;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150087/original/image-20161214-32195-ep2vug.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=30&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=617&;fit=crop&;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150087/original/image-20161214-32195-ep2vug.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=15&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=617&;fit=crop&;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150087/original/image-20161214-32195-ep2vug.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=775&;fit=crop&;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150087/original/image-20161214-32195-ep2vug.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=30&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=775&;fit=crop&;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150087/original/image-20161214-32195-ep2vug.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=15&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=775&;fit=crop&;dpr=3 2262w" alt="" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Kivi’s gender is not specified.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="http://www.sbrightsagency.com/kivi-and-the-monster-dog/" target="_blank">S.B. Rights Agency</a></span></figcaption></figure>
<p>They present a stark contrast to classics of children’s literature, such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, which has recently come under scrutiny for the way it portrays women <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/19/movies/film-view-snow-white-is-no-feminist.html" target="_blank">and, to a lesser extent, men</a>. The heroine is naïve (she is tricked by her stepmother twice) and lacking personality (she has to be told what to do and not to do by the dwarfs), while the evil stepmother is obsessed with beauty.</p>
<p>Prince Charming, sweeping in at the last minute to save his future wife, is only attracted to her physical appearance. This is clear because she is thought to be dead when he first sees her.</p>
<p>At Nicolaigarden, teachers don’t just avoid tales such as that of Snow White. The pre-school is one of five that are rethinking their entire pedagogical approach to ensure equality between genders. <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-14038419" target="_blank">Egalia, perhaps the best known of the group</a>, has had numerous documentaries made about it in recent years.</p>
<figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9CELbi_8KYY?wmode=transparent&;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><figcaption><span class="caption">Egalia has been the focus of numerous documentaries recently.</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>Gender-neutral pedagogy is the latest trend in trying to remove gender bias in education, along with other initiatives such as <a href="http://www.forbes.com/2010/05/20/public-schools-education-single-sex-classrooms-forbes-woman-leadership-test-scores.html" target="_blank">single-sex schooling</a>. And the efforts of Scandinavian countries have lessons for everyone when it comes to gender equality in education.</p>
<h2>The Scandinavian model</h2>
<p>Sweden consistently ranks as one of the world’s most gender-egalitarian countries in the world, as do its Scandinavian neighbours. According to the World Economic Forum’s <a href="https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-gender-gap-report-2016" target="_blank">2016 Global Gender Gap Report</a>, Iceland, Finland, Norway and Sweden have had the most success at closing the gender gap. That’s the “gap” prohibiting full equality between men and women in education, health, the economy and politics.</p>
<figure class="align-right "><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/149973/original/image-20161213-1605-1jtafml.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=237&;fit=clip" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/149973/original/image-20161213-1605-1jtafml.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=446&;fit=crop&;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/149973/original/image-20161213-1605-1jtafml.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=30&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=446&;fit=crop&;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/149973/original/image-20161213-1605-1jtafml.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=15&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=446&;fit=crop&;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/149973/original/image-20161213-1605-1jtafml.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=561&;fit=crop&;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/149973/original/image-20161213-1605-1jtafml.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=30&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=561&;fit=crop&;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/149973/original/image-20161213-1605-1jtafml.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=15&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=561&;fit=crop&;dpr=3 2262w" alt="" /><figcaption><span class="caption">At Egalia school, teachers apply a ‘gender aware’ education model.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="http://www.sodermalmsforskolor.se/egalia/extern/english.htm" target="_blank">Egalia</a></span></figcaption></figure>
<p>Although <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1464700108090411" target="_blank">some have questioned their inclusivity</a>, Scandinavian countries’ success in working towards gender equality has been attributed to the <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/saadia-zahidi/what-makes-the-nordic-cou_b_4159555.html" target="_blank">efficiency of policies</a> tackling the issue.</p>
<p>In Sweden, for example, the <a href="http://www.un.org/womenwatch/confer/beijing/national/swedenap.htm" target="_blank">1998 amendments to the Education Act</a> called for schools to adopt “gender-aware education” guidelines. These suggested that it was the schools’ responsibility to provide children with equal <a class="wpil_keyword_link" href="https://www.schoolnews.co.nz/2015/10/developing-opportunities-at-school-with-a-view/" title="opportunities" data-wpil-keyword-link="linked" target="_blank">opportunities</a> regardless of gender, to work against sex-based discrimination and to “counteract traditional gender patterns”.</p>
<p>To implement the guidelines, Nicolaigarden teachers <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/14/world/europe/swedish-school-de-emphasizes-gender-lines.html" target="_blank">filmed their interactions</a> with their six-year-old pupils, and realised that they acted differently with boys and with girls.</p>
<figure class="align-left "><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/149975/original/image-20161213-1629-bi52ja.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=237&;fit=clip" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/149975/original/image-20161213-1629-bi52ja.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=898&;fit=crop&;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/149975/original/image-20161213-1629-bi52ja.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=30&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=898&;fit=crop&;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/149975/original/image-20161213-1629-bi52ja.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=15&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=898&;fit=crop&;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/149975/original/image-20161213-1629-bi52ja.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=1128&;fit=crop&;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/149975/original/image-20161213-1629-bi52ja.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=30&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=1128&;fit=crop&;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/149975/original/image-20161213-1629-bi52ja.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=15&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=1128&;fit=crop&;dpr=3 2262w" alt="" /><figcaption><span class="caption">A boy nursing his doll.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_boy_playing,_nursing_his_doll.jpg" target="_blank">Ms.Melissa</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-SA</a></span></figcaption></figure>
<p>Come recess, they let the boys run into the playground, while asking girls to wait patiently for help zipping their coats. They spent more time comforting girls who had hurt themselves, while quickly exhorting boys to “go back and play”. The results were a wake-up call for teachers, who considered themselves proponents of gender equality.</p>
<p>Under director Lotta Rajalin, Nicolaigarden school staff developed a gender-neutral pedagogy with the goal of insuring no child is limited by gender expectations.</p>
<p>All children are given equal access to a variety of games, toys and costumes, in the same play space. Library books present strong male and female protagonists in similar proportions. Hiring practices encouraging male applicants have led Nicolaigarden to have up to 30% male caretakers, the highest rate for preschools in the country.</p>
<figure class="align-right "><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/149974/original/image-20161213-1596-pyai9l.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=237&;fit=clip" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/149974/original/image-20161213-1596-pyai9l.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=750&;fit=crop&;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/149974/original/image-20161213-1596-pyai9l.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=30&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=750&;fit=crop&;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/149974/original/image-20161213-1596-pyai9l.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=15&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=750&;fit=crop&;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/149974/original/image-20161213-1596-pyai9l.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=943&;fit=crop&;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/149974/original/image-20161213-1596-pyai9l.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=30&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=943&;fit=crop&;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/149974/original/image-20161213-1596-pyai9l.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=15&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=943&;fit=crop&;dpr=3 2262w" alt="" /><figcaption><span class="caption">The Swedish pronoun <em>hen</em> is adopted by gender-neutral schools.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hen_(pronoun)#/media/File:Hen_-_The_Swedish_pronoun.svg" target="_blank">Myskoxen</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY</a></span></figcaption></figure>
<p>Schools also aim to use gender-neutral language, to avoid gendering whenever it is not necessary. The pronoun <em>hen</em> – a genderless alternative to “<em>hon</em>” (she) and “<em>han</em>” (he) – is one of many ways to refer to children, along with the word friends, or calling them by their first names. Other preschools in Stockholm have also adopted these inclusive guidelines.</p>
<p>The Scandinavian model of gender equality in schools is not limited to <a href="https://mic.com/articles/101726/sweden-is-taking-a-mainstream-approach-to-gender-equality-the-us-would-never-consider#.V24CA8uED" target="_blank">gender-neutrality initiatives</a> such as the ones developed at Nicolaigarden or Egalia, nor to young children.</p>
<h2>Gender constructs</h2>
<p>The Macho Factory program (<a href="http://www.machofabriken.se" target="_blank">Machofabriken</a>) provides schools and associations with training aimed at 13- to 25-year-olds. Its objective is to help them question prevailing gender norms and to break the association between masculinity and violence.</p>
<p>The program is based on 17 short films providing participants and educators with a basis for discussing the downsides of hegemonic masculinity.</p>
<figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/i9m-A-Wi2Vg?wmode=transparent&;start=3" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><figcaption><span class="caption">På golvet, a short film breaking gender stereotypes.</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>The short film <em>På golvet</em> (On the floor) is presented first in the training session. The boxes in the film represent society’s expectations of how men should behave.</p>
<p>Like the adolescent in the short film, teenagers tend to adopt gender standards without questioning them, boxing themselves in with conceptions of masculinity or femininity they haven’t necessarily chosen. By <a href="https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/27987/1/gupea_2077_27987_1.pdf" target="_blank">highlighting the social construction of masculinity</a>, Machofabriken gives teenagers the tools to question how limiting dominant gender norms can be.</p>
<h2>Teachers’ gendered expectations</h2>
<p>The models put forth by schools such as Nicolaigarden and Egalia, or in programs such as the Macho Factory, underscore the very real problems documented by studies on the different school experiences of girls and boys.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01425699995290" target="_blank">Decades of research based on classroom observations</a> indicate that teachers interact differently with boys and girls, though they’re convinced they give them equal treatment. They call on boys more often, involving them with new learning materials and giving them extensive feedback. They turn to girls when it comes to social topics or support learning, having them repeat what has been previously discussed. Even <a href="http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/10845/" target="_blank">nonverbal teacher behaviours, such as smiles</a>, have been shown to favour boys over girls.</p>
<figure class="align-center "><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/150160/original/image-20161214-2496-7u327o.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=754&;fit=clip" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/150160/original/image-20161214-2496-7u327o.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=399&;fit=crop&;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150160/original/image-20161214-2496-7u327o.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=30&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=399&;fit=crop&;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150160/original/image-20161214-2496-7u327o.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=15&;auto=format&;w=600&;h=399&;fit=crop&;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150160/original/image-20161214-2496-7u327o.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=501&;fit=crop&;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150160/original/image-20161214-2496-7u327o.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=30&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=501&;fit=crop&;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150160/original/image-20161214-2496-7u327o.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=15&;auto=format&;w=754&;h=501&;fit=crop&;dpr=3 2262w" alt="" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Raphael’s angels may be gender-neutral but children worldwide are raised differently according to their genders.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Madonna" target="_blank">Raphael</a></span></figcaption></figure>
<p>Teachers are not explicitly trained on gender socialisation, and it shows. Such gender biases penalise all pupils. According to a 2013 study, teachers’ gendered assessment of their students <a href="http://ideas.time.com/2013/02/06/do-teachers-really-discriminate-against-boys/" target="_blank">worked both in favour and against boys</a>.</p>
<p>Researchers found that boys who held a negative attitude toward learning were downgraded compared to girls who had performed similarly. Boys who performed well and showed a positive attitude toward schooling, however, received better grades than girls in the same boat did.</p>
<p>Teachers’ gender biases also <a href="https://theconversation.com/teachers-gender-bias-in-maths-affects-girls-later-37844" target="_blank">do girls a disservice</a>. If teachers consistently expect girls to be good, they may not pay attention to those with behavioural problems, or act more harshly toward them.</p>
<h2>“Our kids are not neutral”</h2>
<p>Still, initiatives to create more gender-neutral environments for kids often receive ferocious criticism. In 2015, for instance, the US-based chain Target decided to <a href="https://corporate.target.com/article/2015/08/gender-based-signs-corporate" target="_blank">remove gender divisions from their toy sections</a>, opting instead for classification by type of toy (such as construction or costume). <a href="http://www.thepoliticalinsider.com/franklin-graham-is-urging-christians-to-take-action-against-target-more-than-100000-people-support-this/" target="_blank">Evangelical Christian Reverend Franklin Graham</a> responded by saying, “Our kids are not neutral, they are boys and girls as God has created them.” He asked his followers to boycott the stores.</p>
<p>In France, Système U stores launched a Christmas publicity campaign called <em>Noël sans préjugés</em> (Gender Free Christmas) in 2015. It presents children explaining on camera how they know if a toy is intended for boys or for boys.</p>
<figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/R9qzoBDBg1Q?wmode=transparent&;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><figcaption><span class="caption">Gender Free Christmas.</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>This ad, televised nationally, put the chain at the centre of a Twitter storm in December 2015, with hashtags #NoëlSansSystèmeU (Christmas without Système U) and #BoycottSuperU proliferating.</p>
<p>Detractors against gender-neutral initiatives tend to say things like a child is either a boy or a girl, and this difference should necessarily come with distinct preferences.</p>
<p>Between the lines, one can discern a certain apprehension that these initiatives might encourage homosexuality, especially in young boys. “A little boy who plays doll and wears makeup isn’t shocking to you? Well it is to me! Wake up, for Pete’s sake” read one Tweet after the 2015 Système U campaign.</p>
<p>Other comments suggest such initiatives cause damaging gender confusion. This is clear from these tweets about Egalia’s work: “Pathetic, but mostly sad. So a child is no longer a he or a she, but a this?” and “We are talking about experimenting on an entire generation of kids. I can’t help but think we will raise a lot of confused individuals”.</p>
<p>Such comments fail to acknowledge that these initiatives no more impose a model than does regular store signage indicating that one set of toys is appropriate for girls and another for boys. They are no more confusing than someone who’s expected to act a certain way that just doesn’t feel right.</p>
<p>Part of the success of the so-called Scandinavian approach to gender equality might lie in its willingness to question and uncover everyone’s role in imposing gender expectations on others.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/70358/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: http://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p>
<p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/gabrielle-richard-307962" target="_blank">Gabrielle Richard</a>, Chercheur, <em><a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/universite-paris-est-creteil-val-de-marne-upec-2445" target="_blank">Université Paris-Est Créteil Val de Marne (UPEC). </a></em>This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-problem-with-snow-white-and-what-scandinavia-can-teach-us-about-it-70358" target="_blank">original article</a>.</p>

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